Reporting verbs
Verbs used to introduce, attribute, challenge, support and interpret scholarly claims.
Areas within Reporting verbs
Academic writing
Vocabulary for analysis, argument, evidence and scholarly communication.
25 wordsAnalysis and evaluation
Words used to analyse evidence, evaluate quality, distinguish concepts and make critical judgements.
457 wordsEvidence and research
Vocabulary for evidence, sources, findings, methods, data and research claims.
299 wordsArgument and reasoning
Words for claims, premises, inference, justification, counterarguments and conclusions.
134 wordsCause, effect and change
Language for causal relationships, mechanisms, consequences, trends and change over time.
220 wordsComparison and contrast
Vocabulary for similarity, difference, classification, comparison and contrast.
129 wordsCaution and hedging
Language for probability, limitation, uncertainty, qualification and appropriately cautious claims.
141 wordsReporting verbs
Verbs used to introduce, attribute, challenge, support and interpret scholarly claims.
220 wordsEssay and argument structure
Vocabulary for introductions, development, synthesis, transitions and conclusions.
118 wordsQuantitative academic language
Words used to describe magnitude, frequency, distribution, association and statistical evidence.
181 wordsCritical thinking
Vocabulary for assumptions, validity, reliability, bias, interpretation, critique and judgement.
292 words120 featured terms
The database can contain more terms than shown here; this page prioritises the strongest mappings.
to stress, single out as important; "Dr. Jones emphasizes exercise in addition to a change in diet"
Accentuateverbto stress, single out as important; "Dr. Jones emphasizes exercise in addition to a change in diet"
Acknowledgeverbaccept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept their power and authority; "The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne";…
Affirmverbestablish or strengthen as with new evidence or facts; "his story confirmed my doubts"; "The evidence supports the defendant"
Affirmverbto declare or affirm solemnly and formally as true; "Before God I swear I am innocent"
Annotationnouna comment or instruction (usually added); "his notes were appended at the end of the article"; "he added a short notation to the address on the…
Argueverbgive evidence of; "The evidence argues for your claim"; "The results indicate the need for more work"
Argueverbhave an argument about something
Assertverbto declare or affirm solemnly and formally as true; "Before God I swear I am innocent"
Attestverbprovide evidence for; stand as proof of; show by one's behavior, attitude, or external attributes; "His high fever attested to his illness"; "Th…
Aververbto declare or affirm solemnly and formally as true; "Before God I swear I am innocent"
Avowverbto declare or affirm solemnly and formally as true; "Before God I swear I am innocent"
Bear outverbsupport with evidence or authority or make more certain or confirm; "The stories and claims were born out by the evidence"
Breakverbmake known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret; "The auction house wo…
Bring outverbmake known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret; "The auction house wo…
Certifyverbprovide evidence for; stand as proof of; show by one's behavior, attitude, or external attributes; "His high fever attested to his illness"; "Th…
Claimnounan assertion that something is true or factual; "his claim that he was innocent"; "evidence contradicted the government's claims"
Concedeverbbe willing to concede; "I grant you this much"
Concludeverbbring to a close; "The committee concluded the meeting"
Confirmverbestablish or strengthen as with new evidence or facts; "his story confirmed my doubts"; "The evidence supports the defendant"
Conflictnouna disagreement or argument about something important; "he had a dispute with his wife"; "there were irreconcilable differences"; "the familiar c…
Conjectureverbto believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds; "Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps"
Construeverbmake sense of; assign a meaning to; "What message do you see in this letter?"; "How do you interpret his behavior?"
Contendverbhave an argument about something
Corroborateverbestablish or strengthen as with new evidence or facts; "his story confirmed my doubts"; "The evidence supports the defendant"
Corroborateverbsupport with evidence or authority or make more certain or confirm; "The stories and claims were born out by the evidence"
Debateverbhave an argument about something
Demonstrateverbestablish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment; "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound";…
Demonstrateverbprovide evidence for; stand as proof of; show by one's behavior, attitude, or external attributes; "His high fever attested to his illness"; "Th…
Differencenouna disagreement or argument about something important; "he had a dispute with his wife"; "there were irreconcilable differences"; "the familiar c…
Difference of opinionnouna disagreement or argument about something important; "he had a dispute with his wife"; "there were irreconcilable differences"; "the familiar c…
Discloseverbmake known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret; "The auction house wo…
Discoververbmake known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret; "The auction house wo…
Disputenouna disagreement or argument about something important; "he had a dispute with his wife"; "there were irreconcilable differences"; "the familiar c…
Divulgeverbmake known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret; "The auction house wo…
Documentverbsupport or supply with references; "Can you document your claims?"
Emphasiseverbto stress, single out as important; "Dr. Jones emphasizes exercise in addition to a change in diet"
Emphasizeverbto stress, single out as important; "Dr. Jones emphasizes exercise in addition to a change in diet"
Entailverbhave as a logical consequence; "The water shortage means that we have to stop taking long showers"
Establishverbestablish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment; "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound";…
Evidenceverbprovide evidence for; stand as proof of; show by one's behavior, attitude, or external attributes; "His high fever attested to his illness"; "Th…
Exposeverbmake known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret; "The auction house wo…
Fenceverbhave an argument about something
Give awayverbmake known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret; "The auction house wo…
Grantverbbe willing to concede; "I grant you this much"
High spotnounthe most interesting or memorable part; "the highlight of the tour was our visit to the Vatican"
Highlightnounthe most interesting or memorable part; "the highlight of the tour was our visit to the Vatican"
Hypothecateverbto believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds; "Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps"
Hypothesiseverbto believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds; "Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps"
Hypothesizeverbto believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds; "Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps"
Identifyverbgive the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property; "Many senators were named i…
Implyverbhave as a logical consequence; "The water shortage means that we have to stop taking long showers"
Indicateverbgive evidence of; "The evidence argues for your claim"; "The results indicate the need for more work"
Inferverbbelieve to be the case; "I understand you have no previous experience?"
Interpretverbmake sense of; assign a meaning to; "What message do you see in this letter?"; "How do you interpret his behavior?"
Intimateverbimply as a possibility; "The evidence suggests a need for more clarification"
Keepverbsupply with necessities and support; "She alone sustained her family"; "The money will sustain our good cause"; "There's little to earn and many…
Knowverbaccept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept their power and authority; "The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne";…
Let onverbmake known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret; "The auction house wo…
Let outverbmake known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret; "The auction house wo…
Maintainverbsupply with necessities and support; "She alone sustained her family"; "The money will sustain our good cause"; "There's little to earn and many…
Manifestverbprovide evidence for; stand as proof of; show by one's behavior, attitude, or external attributes; "His high fever attested to his illness"; "Th…
Meanverbhave as a logical consequence; "The water shortage means that we have to stop taking long showers"
Mentionverbmake mention of; "She observed that his presentation took up too much time"; "They noted that it was a fine day to go sailing"
Nameverbgive the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property; "Many senators were named i…
Notationnouna comment or instruction (usually added); "his notes were appended at the end of the article"; "he added a short notation to the address on the…
Notenouna comment or instruction (usually added); "his notes were appended at the end of the article"; "he added a short notation to the address on the…
Noteverbmake mention of; "She observed that his presentation took up too much time"; "They noted that it was a fine day to go sailing"
Observeverbmake mention of; "She observed that his presentation took up too much time"; "They noted that it was a fine day to go sailing"
Positnoun(logic) a proposition that is accepted as true in order to provide a basis for logical reasoning
Postulatenoun(logic) a proposition that is accepted as true in order to provide a basis for logical reasoning
Projectverbpresent for consideration, examination, criticism, etc.; "He proposed a new plan for dealing with terrorism"; "She proposed a new theory of rela…
Proposeverbpresent for consideration, examination, criticism, etc.; "He proposed a new plan for dealing with terrorism"; "She proposed a new theory of rela…
Proveverbestablish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment; "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound";…
Punctuateverbto stress, single out as important; "Dr. Jones emphasizes exercise in addition to a change in diet"
Rebutverboverthrow by argument, evidence, or proof; "The speaker refuted his opponent's arguments"
Recogniseverbaccept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept their power and authority; "The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne";…
Recognizeverbaccept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept their power and authority; "The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne";…
Refuteverboverthrow by argument, evidence, or proof; "The speaker refuted his opponent's arguments"
Remarkverbmake mention of; "She observed that his presentation took up too much time"; "They noted that it was a fine day to go sailing"
Reportnouna written document describing the findings of some individual or group; "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale"
Revealverbmake known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret; "The auction house wo…
Seeverbmake sense of; assign a meaning to; "What message do you see in this letter?"; "How do you interpret his behavior?"
Shewverbestablish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment; "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound";…
Showverbestablish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment; "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound";…
Speculateverbto believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds; "Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps"
Stressverbto stress, single out as important; "Dr. Jones emphasizes exercise in addition to a change in diet"
Studynouna written document describing the findings of some individual or group; "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale"
Substantiateverbestablish or strengthen as with new evidence or facts; "his story confirmed my doubts"; "The evidence supports the defendant"
Suggestverbimply as a possibility; "The evidence suggests a need for more clarification"
Supportverbestablish or strengthen as with new evidence or facts; "his story confirmed my doubts"; "The evidence supports the defendant"
Supportverbsupport with evidence or authority or make more certain or confirm; "The stories and claims were born out by the evidence"
Supposeverbto believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds; "Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps"
Sustainverbestablish or strengthen as with new evidence or facts; "his story confirmed my doubts"; "The evidence supports the defendant"
Sustainverbsupply with necessities and support; "She alone sustained her family"; "The money will sustain our good cause"; "There's little to earn and many…
Swanverbto declare or affirm solemnly and formally as true; "Before God I swear I am innocent"
Swearverbto declare or affirm solemnly and formally as true; "Before God I swear I am innocent"
Theoriseverbto believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds; "Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps"
Theorizeverbform or construct theories; "he thinks and theorizes all day"
Theorizeverbto believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds; "Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps"
Uncoververbmake known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret; "The auction house wo…
Underpinverbsupport with evidence or authority or make more certain or confirm; "The stories and claims were born out by the evidence"
Understandverbbelieve to be the case; "I understand you have no previous experience?"
Unwrapverbmake known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret; "The auction house wo…
Verifyverbto declare or affirm solemnly and formally as true; "Before God I swear I am innocent"
Written reportnouna written document describing the findings of some individual or group; "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale"
Yieldverbbe willing to concede; "I grant you this much"
Accountverbto give an account or representation of in words; "Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental"
Bear witnessverbprovide evidence for; "The blood test showed that he was the father"; "Her behavior testified to her incompetence"
Challengenounquestioning a statement and demanding an explanation; "his challenge of the assumption that Japan is still our enemy"
Describeverbto give an account or representation of in words; "Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental"
Evidenceverbprovide evidence for; "The blood test showed that he was the father"; "Her behavior testified to her incompetence"
Explainverbmake plain and comprehensible; "He explained the laws of physics to his students"
Explicateverbmake plain and comprehensible; "He explained the laws of physics to his students"
Findverbaccept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation; "My son went to Berkeley to find himself"
Find oneselfverbaccept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation; "My son went to Berkeley to find himself"
Proveverbprovide evidence for; "The blood test showed that he was the father"; "Her behavior testified to her incompetence"
Reportverbto give an account or representation of in words; "Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental"
Reportverbannounce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding; "Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city"; "Th…
Showverbprovide evidence for; "The blood test showed that he was the father"; "Her behavior testified to her incompetence"
