Argument and reasoning
Words for claims, premises, inference, justification, counterarguments and conclusions.
Areas within Argument and reasoning
Academic writing
Vocabulary for analysis, argument, evidence and scholarly communication.
25 wordsAnalysis and evaluation
Words used to analyse evidence, evaluate quality, distinguish concepts and make critical judgements.
457 wordsEvidence and research
Vocabulary for evidence, sources, findings, methods, data and research claims.
299 wordsArgument and reasoning
Words for claims, premises, inference, justification, counterarguments and conclusions.
134 wordsCause, effect and change
Language for causal relationships, mechanisms, consequences, trends and change over time.
220 wordsComparison and contrast
Vocabulary for similarity, difference, classification, comparison and contrast.
129 wordsCaution and hedging
Language for probability, limitation, uncertainty, qualification and appropriately cautious claims.
141 wordsReporting verbs
Verbs used to introduce, attribute, challenge, support and interpret scholarly claims.
220 wordsEssay and argument structure
Vocabulary for introductions, development, synthesis, transitions and conclusions.
118 wordsQuantitative academic language
Words used to describe magnitude, frequency, distribution, association and statistical evidence.
181 wordsCritical thinking
Vocabulary for assumptions, validity, reliability, bias, interpretation, critique and judgement.
292 words120 featured terms
The database can contain more terms than shown here; this page prioritises the strongest mappings.
thinking that is coherent and logical
Affirmverbestablish or strengthen as with new evidence or facts; "his story confirmed my doubts"; "The evidence supports the defendant"
Argumentnouna discussion in which reasons are advanced for and against some proposition or proposal; "the argument over foreign aid goes on and on"
Argumentationnouna discussion in which reasons are advanced for and against some proposition or proposal; "the argument over foreign aid goes on and on"
Assumptionnouna statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn; "on the assumption that he has been injured, we can infer that…
Backingnounthe act of providing approval and support; "his vigorous backing of the conservatives got him in trouble with progressives"
Backupnounthe act of providing approval and support; "his vigorous backing of the conservatives got him in trouble with progressives"
Bear outverbsupport with evidence or authority or make more certain or confirm; "The stories and claims were born out by the evidence"
Caveverbhollow out as if making a cave or opening; "The river was caving the banks"
Challengenounquestioning a statement and demanding an explanation; "his challenge of the assumption that Japan is still our enemy"
Championshipnounthe act of providing approval and support; "his vigorous backing of the conservatives got him in trouble with progressives"
Coherencenounlogical and orderly and consistent relation of parts
Coherencynounlogical and orderly and consistent relation of parts
Coherentadjectivemarked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts; "a coherent argument"
Confirmverbestablish or strengthen as with new evidence or facts; "his story confirmed my doubts"; "The evidence supports the defendant"
Consistencynounlogical coherence and accordance with the facts; "a rambling argument that lacked any consistency"
Consistentadjectivemarked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts; "a coherent argument"
Contradictionnounthe speech act of contradicting someone; "he spoke as if he thought his claims were immune to contradiction"
Corroborateverbestablish or strengthen as with new evidence or facts; "his story confirmed my doubts"; "The evidence supports the defendant"
Corroborateverbsupport with evidence or authority or make more certain or confirm; "The stories and claims were born out by the evidence"
Counterargumentnounan argument offered in opposition to another argument
Counterclaimnouna claim filed in opposition to another claim in a legal action
Debatenouna discussion in which reasons are advanced for and against some proposition or proposal; "the argument over foreign aid goes on and on"
Deductionnounsomething that is inferred (deduced or entailed or implied); "his resignation had political implications"
Defencenounthe speech act of answering an attack on your assertions; "his refutation of the charges was short and persuasive"; "in defense he said the othe…
Defensenounthe speech act of answering an attack on your assertions; "his refutation of the charges was short and persuasive"; "in defense he said the othe…
Disposeverbmake fit or prepared; "Your education qualifies you for this job"
Entailnounthe act of entailing property; the creation of a fee tail from a fee simple
Entailmentnounsomething that is inferred (deduced or entailed or implied); "his resignation had political implications"
Guaranteeverbstand behind and guarantee the quality, accuracy, or condition of; "The dealer warrants all the cars he sells"; "I warrant this information"
Guessverbguess correctly; solve by guessing; "He guessed the right number of beans in the jar and won the prize"
Illationnounthe reasoning involved in drawing a conclusion or making a logical judgment on the basis of circumstantial evidence and prior conclusions rather…
Implicationnounsomething that is inferred (deduced or entailed or implied); "his resignation had political implications"
Implicationnouna meaning that is not expressly stated but can be inferred; "the significance of his remark became clear only later"; "the expectation was sprea…
Importnouna meaning that is not expressly stated but can be inferred; "the significance of his remark became clear only later"; "the expectation was sprea…
Inferverbguess correctly; solve by guessing; "He guessed the right number of beans in the jar and won the prize"
Inferencenounthe reasoning involved in drawing a conclusion or making a logical judgment on the basis of circumstantial evidence and prior conclusions rather…
Justificationnounthe act of defending or explaining or making excuses for by reasoning; "the justification of barbarous means by holy ends" - H.J.Muller
Logicaladjectivemarked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts; "a coherent argument"
Logicaladjectivecapable of or reflecting the capability for correct and valid reasoning; "a logical mind"
Logical thinkingnounthinking that is coherent and logical
Makingnounan attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something; "her qualifications for the job are excellent"; "one of the…
Objectionnoun(law) a procedure whereby a party to a suit says that a particular line of questioning or a particular witness or a piece of evidence or other m…
Orderedadjectivemarked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts; "a coherent argument"
Patronagenounthe act of providing approval and support; "his vigorous backing of the conservatives got him in trouble with progressives"
Premisenouna statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn; "on the assumption that he has been injured, we can infer that…
Premissnouna statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn; "on the assumption that he has been injured, we can infer that…
Propositionnoun(logic) a statement that affirms or denies something and is either true or false
Qualificationnounan attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something; "her qualifications for the job are excellent"; "one of the…
Qualifyverbmake fit or prepared; "Your education qualifies you for this job"
Reasoningnounthinking that is coherent and logical
Rebuttalnounthe speech act of refuting by offering a contrary contention or argument
Refutationnounthe speech act of answering an attack on your assertions; "his refutation of the charges was short and persuasive"; "in defense he said the othe…
Significancenouna meaning that is not expressly stated but can be inferred; "the significance of his remark became clear only later"; "the expectation was sprea…
Substantiateverbestablish or strengthen as with new evidence or facts; "his story confirmed my doubts"; "The evidence supports the defendant"
Supportverbestablish or strengthen as with new evidence or facts; "his story confirmed my doubts"; "The evidence supports the defendant"
Supportverbsupport with evidence or authority or make more certain or confirm; "The stories and claims were born out by the evidence"
Sustainverbestablish or strengthen as with new evidence or facts; "his story confirmed my doubts"; "The evidence supports the defendant"
Undermineverbhollow out as if making a cave or opening; "The river was caving the banks"
Underpinverbsupport with evidence or authority or make more certain or confirm; "The stories and claims were born out by the evidence"
Warrantverbstand behind and guarantee the quality, accuracy, or condition of; "The dealer warrants all the cars he sells"; "I warrant this information"
Assumptionnounthe act of taking possession of or power over something; "his assumption of office coincided with the trouble in Cuba"; "the Nazi assumption of…
Claimnounan assertion that something is true or factual; "his claim that he was innocent"; "evidence contradicted the government's claims"
Cogencynounthe quality of being valid and rigorous
Competitionnounthe act of competing as for profit or a prize; "the teams were in fierce contention for first place"
Conclusionnounthe proposition arrived at by logical reasoning (such as the proposition that must follow from the major and minor premises of a syllogism)
Contentionnounthe act of competing as for profit or a prize; "the teams were in fierce contention for first place"
Dissertationnouna treatise advancing a new point of view resulting from research; usually a requirement for an advanced academic degree
Evidencenounyour basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief; "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling"
Groundsnounyour basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief; "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling"
Intellectnounthe capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination; "we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing goo…
Laying claimnounthe act of taking possession of or power over something; "his assumption of office coincided with the trouble in Cuba"; "the Nazi assumption of…
Logicnounreasoned and reasonable judgment; "it made a certain kind of logic"
Principlenoun(law) an explanation of the fundamental reasons (especially an explanation of the working of some device in terms of laws of nature); "the ratio…
Ratiocinationnounthe proposition arrived at by logical reasoning (such as the proposition that must follow from the major and minor premises of a syllogism)
Rationalenoun(law) an explanation of the fundamental reasons (especially an explanation of the working of some device in terms of laws of nature); "the ratio…
Reasonnounthe capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination; "we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing goo…
Rigornounthe quality of being valid and rigorous
Rigournounthe quality of being valid and rigorous
Rivalrynounthe act of competing as for profit or a prize; "the teams were in fierce contention for first place"
Soundnessnounthe quality of being prudent and sensible
Thesisnouna treatise advancing a new point of view resulting from research; usually a requirement for an advanced academic degree
Understandingnounthe capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination; "we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing goo…
Validitynounthe quality of being valid and rigorous
Wisdomnounthe quality of being prudent and sensible
Wisenessnounthe quality of being prudent and sensible
Analogynounan inference that if things agree in some respects they probably agree in others
Analysisnounthe abstract separation of a whole into its constituent parts in order to study the parts and their relations
Anticipationnounthe act of predicting (as by reasoning about the future)
Argumentnouna course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood; the methodical process of logical reasoning; "I can't follow your line of rea…
Argumentationnouna course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood; the methodical process of logical reasoning; "I can't follow your line of rea…
Axiomnoun(logic) a proposition that is not susceptible of proof or disproof; its truth is assumed to be self-evident
Backverbestablish as valid or genuine; "Can you back up your claims?"
Capacitateverbmake capable; "This instruction capacitates us to understand the problem"
Certifyverbguarantee as meeting a certain standard; "certified grade AAA meat"
Conditionnounan assumption on which rests the validity or effect of something else
Confutationnounthe speech act of refuting conclusively
Conjecturenounreasoning that involves the formation of conclusions from incomplete evidence
Conversenouna proposition obtained by conversion
Corollarynoun(logic) an inference that follows directly from the proof of another proposition
Coververbprotect by insurance; "The insurance won't cover this"
Deductionnounreasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect)
Deductive reasoningnounreasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect)
Demonstrateverbestablish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment; "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound";…
Derivationnouna line of reasoning that shows how a conclusion follows logically from accepted propositions
Documentverbsupport or supply with references; "Can you document your claims?"
Eligibilitynounthe quality or state of being eligible; "eligibility of a candidate for office"; "eligibility for a loan"
Endorseverbguarantee as meeting a certain standard; "certified grade AAA meat"
Establishverbestablish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment; "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound";…
Habilitateverbqualify for teaching at a university in Europe; "He habilitated after his sabbatical at a prestigious American university"
Indorseverbguarantee as meeting a certain standard; "certified grade AAA meat"
Ineligibilitynounthe quality or state of being ineligible
Insureverbprotect by insurance; "The insurance won't cover this"
Lemmanouna subsidiary proposition that is assumed to be true in order to prove another proposition
Linenouna course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood; the methodical process of logical reasoning; "I can't follow your line of rea…
Logomachynounargument about words or the meaning of words
Negationnoun(logic) a proposition that is true if and only if another proposition is false
Particularnoun(logic) a proposition that asserts something about some (but not all) members of a class
Positnoun(logic) a proposition that is accepted as true in order to provide a basis for logical reasoning
Postulatenoun(logic) a proposition that is accepted as true in order to provide a basis for logical reasoning
